Coking drum

ABSTRACT

Coking drum  3, 4,  especially for the manufacture of petroleum coke, which has an approximately cylindrical basic body, at least one inlet and at least two outlets, wherein there is arranged as shut-off member ( 11 ) at least at one outlet and/or at the or one inlet, a bridging pipe slide valve having two shut-off plates  27, 28.

The present invention relates to a coking drum according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a coking method, which is designed especially for coking residues from the vacuum distillation of crude oil, according to the preamble of claim 13.

In crude oil processing, value is increasingly being placed on the further processing of heavy products left over from the distillation of crude oil to lighter products. Accordingly the production of heavy heating oil is to be reduced and the production of gasoline, diesel fuel and light heating oil increased without the need to process additional crude oil. The plants required for that purpose, which operate according to various methods, are called conversion plants. They convert heavy, long hydrocarbon molecules into light, shorter hydrocarbon molecules by cracking the long molecules. A distinction is made between three such cracking methods, thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. The optimum combination of methods depends on several factors which include, inter alia, the quality of the crude oil in question and the products desired. The various cracking methods are based on different feed products, gas oil from vacuum distillation acting as the feed product for catalytic cracking units and hydrocrackers, and the residue from vacuum distillation being used as food product in visbreakers or cokers.

The longest known and simplest cracking method is thermal cracking. In that method, hydrocarbon chains are cracked at high temperatures. The group of thermal cracking methods includes visbreaking and coking in which carbon in solid form, so-called coke or petroleum coke, is deposited.

There are three different methods of coking, namely fluid coking, delayed coking and flexicoking. The most frequently used method is delayed coking. In that method the feed product which, for example, may be the residue from vacuum distillation, is introduced into a furnace at a pressure of about 30 bar and heated to about 500° C. As a result of those conditions, the feed product flows through the furnace at very high speed and then cokes when admitted into a coking chamber or coking drum having a prevailing pressure of about 4 bar that is separate from the furnace and connected thereto by a pipeline.

There are generally associated with each furnace at least two coking drums, one of those chambers in each furnace being in operation, while coke is being removed from the other. The coke can be cut out of the coking drum by means of, for example, water under elevated pressure. The light hydrocarbons produced during the coking process are conveyed from the coking chamber into a fractionating tower where they are further processed. The resulting petroleum coke is called green coke and, after being comminuted, can either be sold or further refined. Further refining takes place in a calcining process in which, at temperatures of 1200° C. and above, any oil constituents still present are burnt off and coked. The calcination product obtained in that process can then be used, for example, for electrodes, which are employed in the aluminium industry.

The drum that has been filled is cooled, and the coke is removed. For that purpose water is first of all introduced into the drum in order to cool the hot coke obtained. The drum is then opened to the atmosphere by, depending on the design of the coking chamber or drum, either only the bottom end of the drum or chamber being opened or also the top end of the drum or chamber being opened, so that the coke can be cut out of the drum and delivered for further use.

The operation of opening the coking drum may present sources of risk for several reasons. The water introduced into the drum for cooling the coke prior to the drum being opened is very hot, and, if the equipment is not handled carefully, may result in injuries caused by the emerging hot water or steam, which is under pressure. In addition, loose bits of coke may fall out of the drum or place such a strain on the opening mechanisms that, after they have been unlocked, open abruptly, which may also result in injuries to the operating personnel. The operating personnel may also be exposed to dust especially coke particles and also irritant or noxious gases, when the drums are opened.

To reduce the sources of risk to operating personnel, a change was made from opening the coking drums manually to opening them automatically by means of dedicated, for example hydraulic, operation of the lid. Such a coking drum having an automatic opening mechanism is known from WO 02/072729 A1. The coking drum-opening device illustrated in that specification is an automatically operated slide valve which, in tho open position, allows entry to the coking drum whilst, in the closed position, the slide plate seals the coking drum from the atmosphere.

A disadvantage of the device mentioned is the moderate reliability in respect of intentional escape of hot water or steam and gases from the coking drum. In addition, malfunctions structurally may occur, since coke or the like bakes onto the guide rails of the slide valve, especially on the side of the guide rails facing the coking chamber.

The aim of the present invention is accordingly to provide a coking drum of which the closure is reliable in terms of operation and malfunction.

In respect of characteristics of the apparatus, the aim is achieved by the features of claim 1, preferred further developments and embodiments being described in the sub-claims, in terms of characteristics relating to process technology, reference is made to claim 13 and the claims dependent thereon.

An important point of the invention is accordingly that there is arranged as shut-off member, at an outlet and/or at or near to an inlet and/or at an access opening in the coking drum, a bridging pipe slide valve having two shut-off plates. By that means it is possible for the coking chamber to be shut off with increased reliability. On the one hand, this represents a move away from the known closures having a screw connection and, on the other hand, an improvement has been made in two respects compared with the slide valve closures already known: firstly, a double-plate slide valve is provided for the first time in that form and, secondly, the concept of the bridging pipe slide valve belongs to the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the two shut-off plates are wholly metallic scaling seats which are parallel to each other. They are distinguished by an excellent sealing action.

In a further preferred embodiment, sealing seat faces associated with the sealing seats have a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant hard-armouring. As a result, the abrasive wear on the sealing seat faces is minimized, the maintenance intervals are extended, and cost savings are consequently possible. The two shut-off plates are preferably movably mounted in a spectacle-shaped plate box, making maintenance of the device according to the invention even simpler.

Preferably, a bridging pipe which, when the bridging pipe slide valve is in an open position, connects to each other two pipe sockets which are arranged at the side of the bridging pipe slide valve facing the interior of the coking drum (3, 4) and at the opposite side thereto, is formed as a hollow cylinder, especially a circular cylinder. The bridging pipe has a smooth surface with as little as possible roughness in order to minimise flow losses. In a further embodiment, the bridging pipe has a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant hard-armouring or coating on its inner face, or is hardened there. As a result the abrasive wear on the bridging pipe is kept as low as possible.

Preferably, the shut-off plates are, in the closed position, pressed against sealing faces by wedge members, which are centred by means of a cone. This solution is likewise distinguished by its low susceptibility to malfunction. Baking of coke or the like on the guide rails of the shut-off plates is avoided by the pressing of the latter into the sealing position.

In a further preferred embodiment, a slide valve associated with the shut-off plates is provided with guide plates which are in permanent metallic contact with the plate box. This promotes the sealing action and reduces abrasive wear.

Preferably, a control rod associated with the shut-off plates is inserted fluid-tight into the slide valve housing, a connection for connecting to a pressurised gas source, especially for connecting to a flushing or shut-off steam source, being provided on the slide valve housing. Optimal cleaning of the slide valve housing can be effected by the continuous introduction of flushing or shut-off steam, thereby increasing the lack of susceptibility to malfunction of the coking drum according to the invention. In addition, the sealing action is strengthened by the action of pressure on the shut-off plates. The steam thus has a double function: on the one hand it is used for cleaning purposes, and on the other hand it effects an additional seal at two sealing faces.

If the bridging pipe slide valve of the coking chamber according to the invention additionally has a compensator unit, which offers the advantage of being able to compensate in a simple manner for small gaps or alignment inaccuracies, then the pressurised gas connection offers further advantages. By the action of pressurised gas, preferably flushing steam, on the slide valve housing, the scaling action of the bridging pipe slide valve can be additionally strengthened also when the slide valve is in the open position. The use of flushing steam thus presents a potential cost saving, since its use is necessary for cleaning the interior of the housing or the guide plates and the plate box. The flushing steam thus, on the one hand, serves to improve the sealing action and, on the other hand, simultaneously serves to clean the closure device of the coking drum according to the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, hoods having a columnar cap for receiving the drive are flange-mounted on the slide valve housing. That embodiment is distinguished by an especially simple construction.

In a preferred embodiment, as has already been mentioned, the bridging pipe slide valve has a compensator unit. The compensator unit offers the advantage that small gaps and alignment inaccuracies can be compensated in a simple manner, resulting in an excellent sealing function in any situation.

In a preferred embodiment, the compensator comprises a wavelike-curved pipe portion having a concavity extending over the circumference, the wavelike-curved pipe portion, as outer pipe portion, extending coaxially above an inner pipe portion, which is joined in fixed manner to only one of the two sealing rings whilst being axially movable in relation to the other sealing ring. Such an embodiment is distinguished by a simple construction.

From a process technology point of view, an essential feature of the invention is that there used as a shut-off member for the coking chamber at least one bridging pipe slide valve having two shut-off plates. The advantages of the process according to the invention are thus obtained analogously to the above description of the apparatus claims.

In a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, when the coking drum is being opened use is made of the pressure prevailing inside the drum to push the shut-off plate facing the interior of the drum from its associated scaling seat. This reduces the force required to open a coking drum and its shut-off member.

Further advantages and features of the invention are described hereinbelow by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the construction of a coking plant,

FIG. 2 is a view in section of the shut-off member of a coking plant,

FIG. 3 shows the shut-off member of a coking plant with part of the housing removed,

FIG. 4 is a view in section of the shut-off member of FIG. 2 along the axis X-X.

FIG. 5 is a detailed view of the part marked Y in FIG. 2,

FIG. 6 is a partial view of a second embodiment of a shut-off member of the coking drum, and

FIG. 7 is a section of the shut-off member according to FIG. 6 along the line II-II in FIG. 6.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a coking plant, which consists of: a furnace 1 which, by way of a pipeline 2, is fed with the residues from the vacuum distillation of crude oil; two coking chambers 3, 4, which are fed by way of a pipeline 5 with the vacuum distillation residues that have been heated in the furnace; a conveyor belt 6, by which the coke produced in the coking chambers is further transported; and a fractionating column 7 in which the gases produced in the coking chambers 3 and 4 during the coking process, which are fed to the fractionating column 7 by way of a pipeline 8, are fractionated.

In addition, the coking plant has a furnace 9 having a rotating tray in which at least portions of the coke obtained in the coking chamber are calcined. The heavy residues left over in the fractionating column 7 are fed back by way of an outlet 12 and a pipeline 10 into the pipeline 2 and thus to the coking process again, At this point it may be mentioned that the coking chambers 3, 4 can be opened both at only one end, to remove coke that has collected therein, and at both ends, that is at a top and a bottom end, to ensure simplified removal. For that purpose a shut-off member 11 is opened and then the coke is removed using suitable aids.

FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 are different views of a first embodiment of the shut-off member 11 for the coking chambers 3, 4. In addition, a detailed view of the region characterised by Y in FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. 5.

The slide valve shown has a slide valve housing 21 having two pipe sockets 22 and 23 as well as two housing sealing seats 24 and 25 between which two shut-off plates 27, 28 with sealing rings 29, 30 are displaceably mounted. The two shut-off plates 27 and 28 can be pressed against the housing sealing seats 24 and 25 by means of an internal wedge member 31, acting as an expander element, that sits at the end of a control rod 32 and is joined in fixed manner thereto. The shut-off plates 27, 28 can in addition be expanded according to a “wedge-in-wedge principle” by the internal wedge member 31, which is centred by means of a cone. This construction ensures that the slide valve is easy to operate even under the most difficult thermal and dynamic conditions. Jamming is not possible, since the internal wedge member 31 has a non self-inhibiting shape.

Arranged below and adjacent to the slide plate 26 is a bridging pipe 33 which has two sealing rings 34, 35. The bridging pipe 33 is in the form of a hollow cylinder, that is to say especially on its inner face is without undulation, so that any loss of flow caused by such undulation does not occur (see also FIG. 4 in that connection).

In FIGS. 2 and 3, the slide valve is shown in the closed position. The slide valve housing 21 is fluid-tight on the outside, so that it is possible to establish in the interior 43 of the slide valve housing a gas pressure that can also be greater than the pressure in the slide valve passageway. For that reason, the operating rod 32 is inserted fluid-tight into the slide valve housing 21.

Arranged on the slide valve housing 21 is a connection 44 for connecting to a pressurised gas source (not shown), especially a flushing steam source. By means of continuous flushing of the interior 43 of the slide valve housing, the baking of contaminants and resultant malfunction of the coking chambers 3, 4 are substantially avoided. The sealing faces of the sealing rings 34, 35 on the one hand, and the housing sealing seats 24, 25 on the other hand, are each arranged extending parallel to the direction of operation of the slide valve. To increase resistance to wear, the afore-mentioned are hardened or armoured in a manner known per se.

The shut-off plates 27, 28 are movably mounted in a spectacle-shaped plate box (not shown in the Figures) which ensures the mounting thereof. The plate box is guided between guide plates 45, penetration of the housing by contaminants thereby being avoided.

Through inspection aperture 49, 50, in the form of a blind flange, it is possible to obtain ready access, especially to the bridging pipe 33, for observation purposes or the like.

The control rod 32 can be cooled, especially at the end thereof projecting from the housing, via a coolant inlet 51. The cooling is effect preferably by cold air or cold gases. It may be mentioned at this point that cooling with a liquid is also conceivable.

FIG. 4 shows the shut-off member 11 in its opened position along a line of intersection X-X in FIG. 2. It is clear therefrom that the bridging pipe 33 joins the pipe sockets 22, 23 without narrowing of the cross-section. In addition to the sealing rings 34, 35 and the housing sealing seal 24, 25, hardening or armouring of the entire inner face of the bridging pipe 33 is recommended in order thereby to prevent abrasive wear.

The region labelled Y in FIG. 2 is shown again in FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale. A flushing and shut-off steam channel 53, which is connected by a connection nipple 52 (see FIG. 3) to a flushing and shut-off steam source, is clearly shown in the Figure. It is also possible in FIG. 5 to see a cutting edge 54 which is used to remove any adhering coke. The edge has a hard-armouring.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show a second embodiment of the shut-off member 11 of the coking chamber 3, 4. Identical components and components having an identical function have the same reference numerals as the shut-off member according to the first embodiment (FIG. 2 to FIG. 5). They are therefore not further described in the following.

The bridging pipe 33 of the shut-off member 11 according to the second embodiment is composed of the sealing rings 34 and 35 and a compensator 36 connecting the sealing rings to one another. The compensator 36 consists of an inner pipe portion 37 and an outer pipe portion 38 extending coaxially thereto, the outer pipe portion 38 being joined in fixed manner to the two sealing rings 34, 35 by annular weld seams 39, 40.

The outer pipe portion 38 also has an undulation or concavity 41. The inner pipe portion 37 is of hollow cylindrical shape, that is to say is without undulation, so that analogously to the shut-off member 11 according to the first embodiment no trimmimg losses can occur. Furthermore, according to the second embodiment the inner pipe portion is joined in fixed manner only to one of the two sealing rings, in this case the sealing ring 35, by way of an annular weld seam 42. In relation to the other sealing ring 34, the inner pipe portion 37 is axially movable, the axial play between the sealing ring 34 and the inner pipe portion 37 being from approximately 1.0 mm to approximately 5.0 mm.

The arrangement of the inner pipe portion 36 in relation to the two sealing rings 34 and 35 is such that the inner face of the pipe portion 36 is flush with the inner faces of each of the sealing rings 34, 35, so that a practically uninterrupted flow passage is created when the slide valve is in the open position. Analogously to FIGS. 2 and 3, in each of FIGS. 6 and 7 the slide valve is in the closed position. The slide valve housing 21 is also fluid-tight on the outside in the second embodiment, so that, analogously to the first embodiment, it is possible for a gas pressure to be set inside the slide valve housing.

The circumferential concavity 41 of the outer pipe portion 38 extends to close to the outer face of the inner pipe portion 37, with the result that the gas pressure prevailing in the interior 43 of the housing has full effect, via the concavity 41, on the sealing rings 34, 35, expanding those rings axially. The axial expansion of the sealing rings 34, 35 is possible on the one hand as a result of the concavity 41 and on the other hand as a result of the axial play between the inner pipe portion 37 and one of the two sealing rings, in this case the sealing ring 34.

The bridging pipe 33 is accordingly bounded on the one hand by the two sealing rings 34, 35, and on the other hand by the inner and outer pipe portions 37, 38 arranged between the sealing rings and acting as a compensator 36, thereby forming an annular casing 46. This annular casing 46 or annular chamber between inner and outer pipe portions 37 and 38 is filled with a heat-insulating material, especially a glass wool, rock wool or the like.

The purpose of the filling is not only heat insulation but also to prevent the penetration of flow medium into the said annular chamber between inner and outer pipe portions. An addition of flow medium or, in the case of a gas flow, particles of dust and dirt or similar deposits, to the annular chamber would, after prolonged use, damage or impair the action of the compensator 36. In that respect the afore-mentioned embodiment has a double function.

In the context of a coking method known per se, which is explained in detail hereinabove in the description of FIG. 1, the use of a bridging pipe slide valve provides a special sealing feature. The introduction of flushing steam and the resultant action of steam (shut-off steam) on the interior 43 of the slide valve housing ensures optimum sealing of the particular coking drum 3, 4 in which coking is taking place at the time. In addition to a wedge being inserted between the two shut-off plates 27, 28, the latter are also, in addition, acted on by pressure, ensuring increased reliability.

The particular coking drum 3, 4 that has been filled is, on the other hand, cooled and the coke is removed from it. For that purpose first of all water is fed into the coking drum 3, 4 in order to cool the resulting hot coke. The coking drum 3, 4 is then opened to the atmosphere, the pressure prevailing in the interior of the coking drum 3, 4 pushing the shut-off plate facing the interior away from the valve seat and thus reducing the force required to open the bridging pipe slide valve. If, after opening the coking drum 3, 4, flushing or shut-off steam is again introduced into the interior 43 of the slide valve housing then, on the one hand, the housing and the components arranged in the housing are continuously cleaned and, on the other hand, as a result of the increased sealing action of the bridging pipe, the penetration into the housing of dust, which is produced in large measure when the coking drum 3, 4 is being emptied, is prevented.

Although the invention is described by way of embodiment examples having a fixed combination of features, it also includes other conceivable advantageous combinations of those features, as indicated especially, but not exhaustively, by the sub-claims. All features disclosed in the application documents are claimed as important to the invention insofar as they are novel, individually or in combination, compared with the prior art.

REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   1 furnace -   2 pipeline -   3 coking chamber -   4 coking chamber -   5 pipeline -   6 conveyor belt -   7 fractionating column -   8 pipeline -   9 furnace -   10 pipeline -   11 shut-off member -   12 outlet -   21 slide valve housing -   22 pipe socket -   23 pipe socket -   24 housing sealing seat -   25 housing sealing seat -   26 slide plate -   27 shut-off plate -   28 shut-off plate -   29 sealing ring -   30 sealing ring -   32 control rod -   33 bridging pipe -   34 sealing ring -   35 sealing ring -   36 compensator -   37 inner pipe portion -   38 outer pipe portion -   39 annular weld seam -   40 annular weld seam -   41 undulation -   42 annular weld seam -   43 interior of the slide valve housing -   44 connection -   45 guide plate -   46 annular casing -   49 maintenance closure -   50 maintenance closure -   51 coolant inlet -   52 connection nipple -   53 flushing and shutoff steam channel -   54 cutting edge 

1. Coking drum, especially for the manufacture of petroleum coke, which has an approximately cylindrical basic body, at least one inlet and at least one outlet and a further access opening, wherein there is arranged as shut-off member, at the outlet and/or at or near to the inlet and/or at the access opening, a bridging pipe slide valve having two shut-off plates.
 2. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which associated with the two shut-off plates are wholly metallic sealing seats which are parallel to each other.
 3. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which the sealing seat faces associated with the sealing scats have a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant hard-armouring.
 4. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which the two shut-off plates are movably mounted in a spectacle-shaped plate box.
 5. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which a bridging pipe which, when the bridging pipe slide valve is in an open position, connects to each other two pipe sockets, which are arranged at the side of the bridging pipe slide valve facing the interior of the coking drum and at the opposite side thereto, is formed as a hollow cylinder, especially a circular cylinder, having a smooth surface.
 6. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which the bridging pipe has a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant hard-armouring or coating on its inner face, or is hardened.
 7. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which the shut-off plates are, in the closed position, pressed against sealing faces by wedge members, which are centred by means of a cone.
 8. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which a slide valve associated with the shut-off plates is provided with guide plates which are in permanent metallic contact with the plate box.
 9. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which a control rod associated with the shut-off plates is inserted fluid-tight into the slide valve housing and that in the case of at least one bridging pipe slide valve there is provided on the slide valve housing a connection for connecting to a pressurised gas source, especially a flushing or shut-off steam source, by way of which the pressurised gas is provided for flushing or for additional sealing of the slide valve housing.
 10. Coking dry according to claim 1, in which hoods having a columnar cup for receiving a drive are flange-mounted on the slide valve housing.
 11. Coking drum according to claim 1, in which the bridging pipe slide valve has a compensator which compensates for gaps and for alignment inaccuracies when the bridging pipe slide valve is in an open position.
 12. Coking drum according to claim 11, in which the compensator comprises a wavelike-curved pipe portion having a concavity extending over the circumference, the wavelike-curved pipe portion as outer pipe portion, extending coaxially above an inner pipe portion, which is joined in fixed manner to only one of the two sealing rings whilst being axially movable in relation to the other sealing ring.
 13. Coking process, especially for coking residues from the vacuum distillation of crude oil, in which the material to be coked is heated in a furnace and is fed to a coking drum in which the actual coking operation takes place. in which in the coking drum there is used as a shut-off member at least one bridging pipe slide valve having two shut-off plates.
 14. Coking process according to claim 13, in which, for additional sealing of the coking drum, at least one bridging pipe slide valve is acted on by pressurised gas, especially flushing or shut-off steam.
 15. Coking process according to claim 13, in which there is established in the interior of a slide valve housing, especially when the shut-off plates are in a closed position, a gas pressure that is greater than the pressure prevailing in the coking drum.
 16. Coking process according to claim 13, in which, when the or each bridging pipe slide valve is being opened, use is made of the pressure prevailing inside the coking drum to push the shut-off plate facing the interior away from the valve scat, and consequently the force required to open the shut-off member is reduced. 